Fig. 2

Intraoperative images; (A) direct suturing was performed using 4 − 0 prolene with pledget to close CS fistulas; (B) after de-airing and releasing aortic cross-clamp, it was checked whether any remaining shunt flow through fistula was observed; at this time, a strong shunt flow (white dotted arrow) was observed inside CS (white oval solid line)